Social Impact Of Financial In Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About the Social Impact of Financial In Management? Answer: Presentation At the point when the monetary organizations or resources out of nowhere face a drop in their worth, such a circumstance is called money related emergency. With the assistance of this article, we will break down the worldwide monetary emergency, the explanations behind the event of the equivalent, and the moves that can be made for recuperation from the equivalent (IEA, 2009). We are likewise going to concentrate how the money related emergency can affect the general public in monetary and different viewpoints and how the way to recuperation from the emergency is brimming with difficulties for the business, the administrations world over and the general public on the loose. As a common society, we have to comprehend that we are liable for the financial prosperity of our nation and the world. It has been expressed by different monetary pioneers and money related investigators that there is little we can do to keep a budgetary emergency from occurring (Dullien, et al., 2010). What we c an do anyway is to plan and configuration out money related and political organizations so that the nation and the world can make due with least conceivable misfortune. There have been different remarks made for the expectation of the monetary emergency and protecting oneself from its effects yet the money related emergency has a spiraling and sweeping impact on the economy and the general public which has enduring results (European Union, 2013). During a budgetary emergency, the interest for cash in the market is not exactly the gracefully and this outcomes in the drop in the costs of the advantages. This causes the market less fluid and the banks and other budgetary foundations to need to compensate for the misfortune in the cash gracefully in the market (Verick Islam, 2010). The money related emergency brings about enormous scope joblessness, mergers, evaporating of credit lines and liquidations. In the general public, it prompts polarization as the rich get more extravagant and the poor get less fortunate and the individual and social outcomes of monetary emergency likewise bring about an ascent of populist tries of the political pioneers who see an open door in this circumstance. This report covers every one of these effects in detail and fundamentally breaks down them to see the complexities that the business and the general public needs to confront following a financial emergency (Program, 2012). Monetary emergency: Impact on the general public The budgetary emergency or strife and its belongings are not simply constrained to the economy of the countries and the world. They have cultural, good and moral effects also. The momentary direction and the free enterprise attitude are viewed as the most favored framework for riches creation. A money related emergency happens when there is a lack of speculation capital in the market and the speculators couldn't acquire any credit source because of this. At the point when we talk about the monetary emergency, the one time that stands apart is the financial emergency of 2007 2008. The biggest fiasco to ever hit the economy was this emergency that removed a portion of the major budgetary foundations and business houses (Milio, et al., 2014). Despite the fact that there have been various lulls in the economy, none has had the option to coordinate the gigantic effect of the one of every 2008. The financial emergency of 2008 prompted mass joblessness, money related misfortune, fall in cos ts and tremendous monetary misfortune for all the significant economies of the world. In this article, we are going to contemplate the social viewpoint of the monetary emergency and how the lull in the economy impacts the elements and usefulness of the general public on the loose. The monetary emergency, be it for a specific economy or for the world, causes a domino impact. It prompts the deceleration of the financial development and compression of the economies and their range. The lodging and land showcase breakdown when there are no takers even with the exponential fall in the costs. This in the long run prompts compression of exchange among the world economies and causes the inversion of capital stream from private players (Ramesh, 2009). The monetary emergency likewise causes expanded instability and fall in costs for different wares. The confidence of normal open on the money related establishments was diminished as the greater part of them couldn't withstand the turmoil. In m any nations, the maternal death rate just as newborn child death rate went up for all the countries experiencing the emergency and the incomes from the movement and relaxation industry diminished strongly. There were different advances taken by the nations to pad the impacts of the emergency and balance out the economies. The vast majority of there were coordinated towards the financial working conditions, however some were likewise taken to improve the weakened states of the general public (Organization, 2011). Each change or progress in the general public effects its course of advancement and changes its way of movement. The monetary emergency and its downturn was extreme to the point that the economies keep on experiencing it even about 10 years after the fact. The recuperation has been exceptionally moderate and a portion of the associations were always extremely unable to recover from the blow of the monetary log jam. The powerless recuperation has energized a portion of the ma jor political discussions and has slanted the legislative issues towards populism. It has additionally brought about polarization and lopsided conveyance of the riches among the different segments of the general public (Hayashi, 2009). Social polarization and ascent of populism The general public and the economy faces an enormous blow at the hour of monetary log jam. It brings about neediness, joblessness, prohibition and social polarization. The ascent in joblessness prompts a lofty decrease in the confidence of the individuals in financial establishments. The financial states of the countries incorporate the broad joblessness and loss of trusts in the up and coming ages. The absence of employments additionally prompts neediness, segregation, viciousness and xenophobia. The wild joblessness made the individuals take up aptitudes preparing and independent work (Anduiza Rico, 2016). The socio-natural effect of monetary emergency is connected the economy and its patterns to the biological advances and the obligation that we are bringing because of development up on the planet without a breaking point to it. The presentation of business morals and manageable development of the economy may direct the world and the created economies for the most part, towards a steady economy. The socio-specialized point of view of monetary log jam can be concentrated by examining the innovative headways (Kriesi Pappas, 2014). Numerous business analysts connect one with the other. Some of them have even connected the major monetary log jam with the goliath web and website air pocket of the 90s. The log jam unquestionably has dependable negative consequences for the mechanical advances and yet it offers the chance to the majority to turn towards the green innovation and sustainable power sources. The socio-innovative change in perspective and the framework with maintainable improvement may offer path to an economy that has less variances and increases with a consistent pace and development rate (Durant Hirsch, 2013). The political point of view of this financial downturn can be concentrated with the adjustment in the viewpoint of the majority and their work day in context towards their pioneers. The financial log jam brought about a plague of question and disappointment towards the pioneers. The open lost certainty on their pioneers as they were vulnerable at the hour of downturn and the open shock was likewise connected with the collection of cash with the most noteworthy financial fragments and imbalance in the dispersion of riches among the different areas of the general public. They prompted the amendment of intensity structures and chain of importance to all the more likely comprehend and handle the open anguish. General society grumbled of social polarization and imbalance among the majority (Magri, 2016). The attachment among the social orders drops because of polarization and they crack further separated along these lines. Polarization impacts the more vulnerable segments of the general p ublic the most as they are the ones who endure a more prominent misfortune. At the point when the assets are unevenly conveyed and scant, the poor get less fortunate and subsequently they are the ones requiring more noteworthy help from the political pioneers and the general public on the loose. The danger of polarization gets much higher at the hour of financial lull. The individuals will in general get some distance from the current political establishments. Polarization showed towards danger of an uprising or common war in the nation. This is clear from the instances of different Africana countries when the administration couldn't disseminate the assets equally among the populace. Urban Poverty is another new idea that has come into picture as of late. This is likewise a result of polarization of the general public. The tremendous contrast between the high class and lower class in the general public prompts hardship of riches and assets. Monetary uprooting and migration causes th e convergence of financial advancement in not many pieces of the nation and in spite of the fact that the whole country is advancing and creating, the turn of events and progress is restricted to these couple of zones as it were. Polarization can be handled with earlier arranging and decrease in pay abberations (Perruci Sanderson, 1989). This can possibly occur if the individuals are given the aptitudes and offices required. The United States, which is the greatest economy on the planet, represents the most noteworthy pay divergence. This additionally prompts intentional isolation where individuals of comparative monetary class happen to live respectively in a region. The individuals having a place with higher monetary gatherings by and large will in general move away from the zones where the individuals having a place with lower financial gatherings are found. While more often than not this is self-authorized, now and again this is likewise done deliberately by the monetary areas. The legislatures may attempt to break this pattern, however even the vicinity of the helpless areas with the wealthy doesn't achieve improvement or any advantage to the more fragile segments. The urban polarization is a mind boggling subject

Job Redesign and Workplace Reward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupation Redesign and Workplace Reward - Essay Example It is reasonable to take note of that organizations go an additional mile to incorporate worth added bundles for their representatives to tempt them to remain with the association as long as they are beneficial and their abilities are invaluable to the business (Lauby, 2005). Better occupation re-planned combined with a proficient and all around structured prize framework is basic in deciding the accomplishment of the association. There has been a pattern in the corporate world by which associations are changing their business structures by guaranteeing their representatives are progressively used by the firm while simultaneously they become increasingly gainful by engrossing them from hourly specialists into full-time salaried laborers with more duties and benefits. This is an inspiration strategy that tries to fuse the laborers into the firm through additional obligations planned for causing them to feel increasingly at risk and capable to the accomplishment of the association. Then again, the business are investigating their prize frameworks to incorporate extra impetuses and different bundles that are planned for rousing the laborers to be progressively devoted and beneficial in the association (Hodgetts and Hegar, 2008). Huge measures of assets have been coordinated to consider both natural and outward inspiration for the organization’s the board to comprehend the significant changes that they have to execute to guarantee there is improved execution in their associations while simultaneously guaranteeing the laborers are roused and held to upgrade profitability. The work culture of the advanced world is consistently a worry; firms are targeting eliminating their operational expenses and thus, most firms are choosing easygoing hourly specialists to the detriment of salaried representatives. Research, in any case, demonstrates that hourly representatives have a high feeling of outward inspiration however less inherent inspiration since they obliged to perform or in view of the prizes and motivating forces they are to get toward the end. For this

Financial Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Money related Management Degree - Case Study Example As the acquirer purchases another organization and pays money to the objective's investors, the offering investors would have the option to hold a similar degree of control in the organization in light of the fact that their value extent isn't weakened. To certain investors, holding the degree of power over the entire element after the objective organization has been procured is one of the significant contemplations (McDougall and Chenhall). Another bit of leeway of money buy to the offering investors is that is basic and clear. A money offer would be almost certain appealing to the objective's investors particularly when financial occasions are not all that anticipated, in this manner the procurement arrangement would demonstrate to have higher achievement. A significant inconvenience to the acquirer would be the gigantic entirety of money that it needs to bring up in request to satisfy the arrangement. While it is more outlandish for an organization to raise such a tremendous measure of money from its held profit, it is important for the organization to raise it through different methods, for example, by bringing about obligation. The weakening of the capital structure of the organization through higher obligation, which influences its hazard and FICO assessment, is a significant burden. On the off chance that the organization as of now has a high measure of obligation, the acquirer's investors would find that the gigantic measure of obligation to raise money and pay for the securing would disintegrate the organization's FICO score, and would expand the danger of each offer that they hold. From the perspective of the objective's ... B. Offers trade Another type of merger financing is shares trade. Rather than paying money, the securing organization can give more offers for the objective's investors in return for the offers that they hold in the objective organization. From the perspective of the acquirer's investors, shares trade is gainful in with the end goal that the organization would not need to be troubled to raise an immense measure of money through other financing means, for example, obligation, which could put pressure and expanded hazard on every one of the offers they hold. The organization's liquidity position would not be undermined simultaneously (McDougall and Chenhall). Offers trade have been so appealing during the previous decades on account of its effect on the acquirer's cost/winning proportion. In the event that the objective has a low p/e proportion, the acquirer can exploit it by giving one offer comparable to more than one portion of the target's. This can significantly affect the acquirer's own p/e proportion. In any case, one significant weakness of offers trade to the acquirer's investors is the weakening of value because of the issue of more offers, which prompts the weakening of position and lower level of command over the organization. With shares trade, the objective's investors won't bring about capital additions charge in light of the fact that no prompt offer of offers has occurred. In the event that the objective's investors sell their new offers in the procuring organization, that is the point at which they pay the capital increases charge. This is one of the points of interest. Another bit of leeway is that the objective's investors will have the option to keep up a situation in the new consolidated element. One weakness to the objective's investors would be that, if the getting organization neglects to produce

Operations Management - GlaxoSmithKline - Free Essay Example

Operation Management Table of Contents Operation Management in the Business: Introduction: Task 1: Operation management: Task 2: Safe and Security: Time: Cost: Quality: Compliance with law: Task 3: Link between strategic objectives and operation management: Task 4: System diagram to illustrate the typical business: Open system: Closed system: Probabilistic system: Sub-system: Systems in GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: Task 5: Economy: Efficiency: Effectiveness: Tension between cost minimization and quality maximization: Task 6: Five performance management objectives: Cost: Quality: Speed: Dependability: Flexibility: Task 7: Linear programming: Dependent of independent task: Network planning: Task 8: Capacity planning: Classification: Importance of capacity planning: Inventory planning: Quality assurance and control: Task 9: Cost: Quality: Speed: Task 10: Quality assurance and control mechanism: Fish bones: Quality circles: Operation Management in the Business: Introduction: GlaxoSmithKline is a pharmaceutical industry in UK created on January 1st, 2001. The reason of being successful is their quality and essential product that have a positive effect on the lives of human beings. They are continuously making effort to increase their brand strength because their brand image is well established. In Pakistan they are being successful in running the business. Their manufacturing sites are nearly in Lahore or Karachi. They made partnerships with McLaren group to improve the flaws in supply chain. Task 1: Operation management: Operation management means to manage the operations. The operations are of different kind at different level like in HR department the operations are performed differently as compared to financial department. Operation management is defined as the conversion of inputs in to outputs like the conversion of raw materials in to goods and services. Operation management helps manage strategy according to the operations in order to gain competitive advantage or gain efficiency and effectiveness in operations. The functions of operation management is mostly used in manufacturing industries how to produce good quality products in low cost. Operation manager manage the resources to produce good quality products. The decision of operation manager has a great importance on how well the product is prepared and how well it is delivered. Operation management manage the functions of how to convert inputs in to outputs and manage the strategy according to the vision and mission of the o rganization. Task 2: Safe and Security: The product must be safe and secure for the human beings. The reason of GlaxoSmithKline being successful is because of their quality products. Customer likes quality products because it has a positive impact on the lives of human beings. The products must be deliver secure in order to increase the number of customers. GlaxoSmithKline deliver their products safe and secure in order to attract the customers. Time: The product must be deliver on time. Delivering the right product at right time is very important because it is difficult to maintain sustainable competitive advantage. Once the brand image is established the customer satisfaction level and expectations get increases. To respond the sudden changing customer demands the companies should adopt just in time approach. Cost: Good quality products need more cost. There should be a balance between cost and quality of product. Good quality products takes more consumption of raw materials but making new strategies to control the cost helps prepare quality products with low cost. Similarly buying raw materials in bulk also helps control cost. Quality: Good quality attracts customers, for customers the quality of products is very important. Good quality helps to established brand image. Adopting TQM tools helps maintain the quality of product. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they maintain the quality of product by adopting TQM tools, total quality management helps to maintain and improve the quality to respond the sudden changing demands of customers. Compliance with law: The law helps deliver right product for the safety of human beings. All the companies follows the instruction of law in order to gain good position in the market. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they manufacture their products under the instructions of their law. Their mission is to provide quality product for the safety of human beings. Task 3: Link between strategic objectives and operation management: To improve the performance of the company new strategies are prepared according to the mission and vision of the organization. First strategic plan is prepared according to the company goals and objectives and then this plan is implemented. It is reviewed in short term or in long term basis to know its working or not. Strategic objectives and operation management are directly proportional to each other. The strategies should be according to operations. If the strategic plan is not good to perform big operations then ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s useless. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s their strategy is according to the operations performed. They have clear and identified goals. They know how to maintain good position in the market. They know the importance of their product for the safety of human beings. Task 4: System diagram to illustrate the typical business: Inputs are converted in to outputs through a proper system in which different steps are involved. Open system: Taking the raw material as an input from the environment and send back as an output to the environment is known as open system. Closed system: In closed system there is no link with the environment and other systems. Probabilistic system: It can be understand using probability analysis. Sub-system: A part of larger systems. Systems in GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they use different systems like open, closed, probabilistic, and sub-system to prepare products. Once the product is prepared it is delivered and they have a special focus on the views of customers to make improvements. Task 5: Economy: Operation management have to take some policy decisions in order to improve the economy. The decisions taken by the government has positive impact on the economy. Economy policy decisions helps business to run smoothly. The term economy is measured by GDP, due to high GDP economic growth increases. Consumer income and the quantity of goods and services also become increase and the most important benefit is the poverty can be reduced easily. Efficiency: When the production level increases by keeping the consumption of raw material remain constant then it will called as efficiency. When the output increases by keeping the input constant is called efficiency. In simple how well the company performs the production process. Effectiveness: Effectiveness means to fulfill the needs of customers. It has no relation with the sales, the product should meet the customer requirements. No matter, how much the sales the falling down but the important thing is it should fulfill the customer needs. Tension between cost minimization and quality maximization: Cost and quality both are directly proportional to each other. The prices of raw material are too high, and the good quality products needs high consumption of raw material. It is very difficult to produce good quality product with low cost. Hiring the raw material in bulk helps maintain the quality and cost of product. Yet it seems difficult to produce quality product with low cost but making change in the supply chain helps maintain the quality of products. Task 6: Five performance management objectives: Cost: Good quality products need more cost. There should be a balance between cost and quality of product. Good quality products takes more consumption of raw materials but making new strategies to control the cost helps prepare quality products with low cost. Similarly buying raw materials in bulk also helps control cost. Quality: Good quality attracts customers, for customers the quality of products is very important. Good quality helps to established brand image. Adopting TQM tools helps maintain the quality of product. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they maintain the quality of product by adopting TQM tools, total quality management helps to maintain and improve the quality to respond the sudden changing demands of customers. Speed: Becoming a market leader is not easy, respond the changing customer demands of customer is very important. Delivering the right thing at right time actually matters, with the progress in the technology the demands of customer also increases. It is difficult to maintain the customer loyalty, once the customer start using the products of other companies then it will difficult to pull them back. Dependability: Dependability is one of the greatest achievement of life it means people become dependent on your company. They wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t use the product of other companies, they are satisfied from the product of your company. Flexibility: Flexibility means to become ready for whatever changes will occur in the market. With the progress in the technologies the market trends and economies also changes. It wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t wait for the companies to adjust. Companies should make new strategies to become flexible in running their businesses. Task 7: Linear programming: Linear programming is a mathematical technique to achieve high output with low input.With low cost high quality products are difficult to make but proper strategic plan and its implementation make it easy. Linear programming is a mathematical technique to produce high level of output with low level of input Dependent of independent task: In performing a particular task different steps are involved that are dependent or independent to each other. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s production process different steps are involved that are dependent or independent to each other. Discovery research Method development Method validation Method transfer Procurement Manufacturing Marketing Network planning: Different steps are involved in performing specific task are dependent or independent to each other, or working in a group or in a team to perform a particular task. Task 8: Capacity planning: Capacity planning means the capacity of organization to do maximum amount of work, or respond sudden customer changing demands. It depends on the efficiency of work. Companies should be prepared to respond the customer changing demands. Companies should review their plans in short term or long term basis. Classification: Long term Short term Finite infinite Importance of capacity planning: Capacity planner prepares a plan to respond the sudden changing customer demands. With efficient capacity planning a company becomes ready to face any kind of problem. With good capacity planning a company becomes ready to take competitive advantage. Inventory planning: Inventory planning is the process in which quantity and timing for adjusting with sales and capacity take place. Quality assurance and control: Good quality products increase customer loyalty, it is difficult to maintain sustainable position in the market. Once the brand image is established customer demands also increases. Total quality management helps to respond sudden changing demands of customers. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they maintain a balance between cost and quality, and adopting TQM tools helps to maintain quality of products. The expectations of customers from your company is high, they want more quality product because once they move towards other company, then it will difficult to pull them back so the companies should be ready to respond the changing demands of customers Task 9: Cost: Good quality products need more cost. There should be a balance between cost and quality of product. Good quality products takes more consumption of raw materials but making new strategies to control the cost helps prepare quality products with low cost. Similarly buying raw materials in bulk also helps control cost. Quality: Good quality attracts customers, for customers the quality of products is very important. Good quality helps to established brand image. Adopting TQM tools helps maintain the quality of product. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they maintain the quality of product by adopting TQM tools, total quality management helps to maintain and improve the quality to respond the sudden changing demands of customers. Speed: Becoming a market leader is not easy, respond the changing customer demands of customer is very important. Delivering the right thing at right time actually matters, with the progress in the technology the demands of customer also increases. It is difficult to maintain the customer loyalty, once the customer start using the products of other companies then it will difficult to pull them back. Task 10: Quality assurance and control mechanism: Fish bones: A diagram which is mostly used in manufacturing to outline different steps like where the chances of quality issues may arise or where the requirements of resources are high, mostly used in quality control process( business dictionary.com). Quality circles: In quality circles 6-10 employees work together and solved problem easily. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need management help, they solve the problem easily. Good quality products increase customer loyalty, it is difficult to maintain sustainable position in the market. Once the brand image is established customer demands also increases. Total quality management helps to respond sudden changing demands of customers. In case of GSKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they maintain a balance between cost and quality, and adopting TQM tools helps to maintain quality of products

Human Trafficking A Worldwide Epidemic - 887 Words

Human trafficking, specifically sex trafficking has become a worldwide epidemic. Research for domestic victims is lacking and services are sparse, in part due to the inability of professionals to identity victims. Victims require several services from an array of providers such as mental health counseling, housing, medical and job training. The following paper examines literature that is available and hopes to devise a program that will benefit victims and aid them into a being a successful member of their community and to gain a recovery from their past experiences. The proposed program will address housing, life skills and mental health counseling along with resources for legal aid. Victims will also receive case management to help them navigate their new lives and to find additional resources. 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Individual Privacy versus National Security Essay

The attacks on American soil that solemn day of September 11, 2001, ignited a quarrel that the grade of singular privacy, need not be given away in the hunt of grander security. The security measures in place were planned to protect our democracy and its liberties yet, they are merely eroding the very existence with the start of a socialistic paradigm. Benjamin Franklin (1759), warned more than two centuries ago: â€Å"they that can give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.† Implementing security measures comes at a cost both economically and socially. Government bureaucrats can and will utilize information for personal political objectives. The Supreme Court is the final arbitrator†¦show more content†¦Privacy either encourages or is a necessary factor of human securities and fundamental value such as human embarrassment, independence, distinctiveness, freedom, and public affection. Being completely subj ect to mutual scrutiny will begin to lose self-respect, independence, distinctiveness, and freedom as a result of the sometimes strong burden to conform to public outlooks. Security can be defined as the â€Å"freedom from danger, risk, etc. with the absence of threats to assimilated principles† or a â€Å"low chance of damage to assimilated principles.† However, the word security originates from the Latin Securus, which means â€Å"carefree†. Notice that the very definition of the word clues to the term â€Å"freedom†. The aforementioned definition of security is very general. It does not stipulate the individual whose security is at issue or the types of values pliable to being secured. The security of people (â€Å"human security†) is understood to extend beyond national security, also comprising of economic welfare, the health of the environment, cultural identity, and political rights. 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Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990s Essay Example For Students

Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990s Essay Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions of womens roles continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It is these social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. In this study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughout educational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between womens experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedans, in her essay: The Way We Were 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, the subtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish and evil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be a psychologist, of a story in McCalls in December 1949 called A Weekend with Daddy. A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-all psychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife, who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love and laughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and square dancing, and she doesnt want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away all by herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on she will be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the country where they know what life is all about. (See Endnote #1)I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find their historical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with her third child in 1949. Her work e xperience included: interior design and modeling womens clothes for the Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt as moved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reaction was to point out that Betty Friedan was a college educated woman and she had certain goals that never interested me. My grandmother, though growing up during a time when women had few social rights, said she didnt experience oppressive sexism in her life. However, when she describes her life accomplishments, I feel she has spent most of her life fulfilling the expected roles of women instead of pursuing goals that were mostly reserved for men. Unknowingly, her life was controlled by traditional, sexist values prevalent in her time and still prevalent in the nineties.Twenty-four years after the above article from McCalls magazine was written, the Supreme Court decided whether women should have a right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I believe the decision was made in favor of womens rights mostly because the court made a progressive decision to consider the woman as a human who may be motivated by other things in life than just being a mother. Justice Blackmun delivered the following opinion:Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. There is also a distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. (See Endnote #2)I feel the court decision of Roe v. Wade would not have been made in 1949. Even in 1973, it was a progressive decision. The problem of abortion has existed for the entire history of this country (and bey ond), but had never been addressed because discussing these issues was not socially acceptable. A culture of not discussing issues that have a profound impact on women is a culture that encourages women to be powerless. Together EssayThe right of abortion became a major issue. Before 1970, about a million abortions were done every year, of which only about ten thousand were legal. Perhaps a third of the women having illegal abortions mostly poor people had to be hospitalized for complications. How many thousands died as a result of these illegal abortions no one really knows. But the illegalization of abortion clearly worked against the poor, for the rich could manage either to have their baby or to have their abortion under safe conditions. (See Endnote #3)A critic of the womens movement would quickly remind us that women have a right to decline marriage and sex, and pursue their individual interests. However, I would argue that the social pressure women must endure if they do not conform to their expected role is unfair. The problem goes beyond social conformity and crosses into government intervention (or lack thereof). The 1980s saw the pendulum swing against the womens movement. Violent act s against women who sought abortions became common and the government was unsympathetic to the victims. There are parallels between the Southern Blacks civil rights movement and the womens movement: Blacks have long been accustomed to the white government being unsympathetic to violent acts against them. During the civil rights movement, legal action seemed only to come when a white civil rights activist was killed. Women are facing similar disregard presently, and their movement is truly one for civil rights. A national campaign by the National Organization of Women began on 2 March 1984, demanding that the US Justice Department investigate anti-abortion terrorism. On 1 August federal authorities finally agreed to begin to monitor the violence. However, Federal Bureau of Investigation director, William Webster, declared that he saw no evidence of terrorism. Only on 3 January 1985, in a pro-forma statement, did the President criticize the series of bombings as violent anarchist acts but he still refused to term them terrorism. Reagan deferred to Moral Majoritarian Jerry Falwells subsequent campaign to have fifteen million Americans wear armbands on 22 January 1985, one for every legal abortion since 1973. Falwells anti-abortion outburst epitomized Reaganisms orientation: We can no longer passively and quietly wait for the Supreme Court to change their mind or for Congress to pass a law. Extremism on the right was no vice, moderation no virtue. Or, as Hitler explained in Mein Kamph, The ver y first essential for success is a perpetually constant and regular employment of violence. (See Endnote #4)This mentality continued on through 1989 during the Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (109 S. Ct. 3040 (1989)) case. The Reagan Administration had urged the Supreme Court to use this case as the basis for overturning Roe v. Wade. (SeeEndnote #5) It is disturbing that the slow gains achieved by the womens movement are so volatile and endangered when conservative administrations gain a majority in government. To put the problem into perspective: a womans right to have an abortion in this country did not come until 1973. Less than two decades later, the president of the United States is pushing to take that right away. It seems blatant that society is bent on putting women in their places. From the above examples, it appears American culture prefers women as non-professional, non-intellectual, homemakers and mothers. This mentality is not easily resolved, because it is introduced at a young age. Alice Brooks experienced inequality on the basis of her race and her sex. In her autobiography, A Dream Deferred, she recalls the reaction of her father when she brought up the idea of college to him:I found a scholarship for veterans children and asked my father to sign and furnish proof that he was a veteran. He refused and told me that I was only going to get married and have babies. I needed to stay home and help my mother with her kids. My brother needed college to support a family. Not only was I not going to get any help, I was also tagged as selfish because I wanted to go to college. (See Endnote #6)This is another example of women being labeled as selfish for wanting the same opportunities as men. Alice Brooks is a very courageous woman; seemingly able to overcome any oppression she may encounter. During her presentation to our class, she said that women who succeed in male dominated fields are never mediocre they are extraordinary achievers. Her insight encapsulates much of the subtle sexism that exists today. I feel that no one can truly be equal in a society when only the extraordinary achievers are allowed to succeed out of their expected social role. This attitude of rising blatant and subtle attacks on womens civil rights is further exemplified in recent reactions to affirmative action plans. These plans have been devised to try to give women and minorities an opportunity to participate in traditionally white male dominated areas. However, we see the same trends in legal action for the use of affirmative action plans as we saw in the 1980s backlash against the Roe v. Wade decision. A few interesting points were presented in the case, Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara (480 U.S. 616 (1987)). Mr. Paul E. Johnson filed suit against the Santa Clara County Transportation Agency when he was denied a promotion, feeling the companys affirmative action plan denied him of his civil rights. Some interesting facts were presented in this case:Specifically, 9 of the 10 Para-Professionals and 110 of the 145 Office and Clerical Workers were women. By contrast, women were only 2 of the 28 Officials and Administrators, 5 of the 58 Professionals, 12 of the 124 Technicians, none of the Skilled Crafts Workers, and 1 who was Joyce of the 110 Road Maintenance Workers. (See Endnote # 7)The above statistics show women have been considerably underrepresented at the Santa Clara County Transportation Agency. These numbers are not uncommon and are found throughout business. It is interesting to note the current popular perception is that affirmative action precludes white males from finding employment with companies that implement these plans. The truth is in the numbers, however. The fact that Mr. Johnson felt he was denied his civ il rights because an equally qualified woman was given a promotion, instead of him, is just a small window into the subtle sexism that exists today. Most critics of affirmative action do not consider the grossly unequal numbers of men in management and professional positions. Secondly, it never seems an issue of debate that a woman may have had no other previous life opportunities in these male dominated areas. I do not intend to argue that affirmative action is good or bad, but only wish to point out that the current backlash against these programs is heavily rooted in sexism and racism. Often blatant violence or unfair acts against a group of people will cause that group to pull together and empower themselves against their oppressors. The womens movement has made large steps to eliminate many of these blatantly sexist acts in the last century. Now the real difficulty is upon us: subtle acts of sexism and the degrading social roles of women in todays conservative culture. Alice Br ooks so eloquently described her experiences with inequality, stating, the worse pain came from those little things people said or did to me. As these little things accumulate in the experience of a young woman, she increasingly finds herself powerless in her relationships, employment, economics, and society in general. The female child has as many goals as the male child, but statistically she is unable to realize these goals because of the obstacles that society sets in front of her. Society and media attempt to create an illusion that women have every right that men enjoy. However, women will never be equal until the day female scientists, intellectuals, professionals, military leaders, and politicians are just as accepted and encouraged to participate in all of societys arenas as males.

The Theme Of Revenge In Othello Essay Example For Students

The Theme Of Revenge In Othello Essay Revenge is a constant theme throughout the play Othello. It is portrayed through the character Iago. Iago is determined to destroy Othello and his loved ones. This retribution is a result of Othello promoting Cassio to the position of lieutenant. The theme of revenge is the motivation of Iagos hatred toward Othello. In the beginning of the play, Iago feels betrayed by his good friend, Othello. Through many years of loyalty and service Iago is n personal suit to make lieutenant39. When Othello has to choose his lieutenant, he appoints Cassio. Iago feels hurt and betrayed, and realizes there no remedy40 except for revenge. He . . . hate the Moor . . . 63 and comes to the conclusion that . . . nothing can or shall content soul ill evened with . . . 76. We will write a custom essay on The Theme Of Revenge In Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In an attempt for revenge, Iago publically humiliates Brabantio at Othellos expense. In the middle of the night, Iago calls outside Brabantios house to inform him that his daughter, Desdemona has run away and eloped with Othello. Coming from two different backgrounds, Desdemonas father takes offense to their interracial marriage. This demeans Othello and causes him to prove to Brabantio that he did not use any witchcraft or black magic to win Desdemonas heart. When Desdemona professes her true love for Othello, her father disowns her. Iagos first attempt to destroy Othello is successful, yet he still craves revenge. He devises a plan to destroy Othello. He wants to make Othello believe that Cassio is having an affair with his wife Desdemona. This will cause Othello to regret appointing Cassio as his lieutenant and simultaneously destroy Othellos life. He knows that he must bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light64 if he wants to avenge Othellos betrayal. Iago is successful in convincing Othello that his wife is unfaithful. utraged, Othello murders Desdemona. Immediately after, Emilia, Iagos wife and Desdemonas mistress156, explains to Othello that her husband has been lying to him and Desdemona had been faithful. Iago then murders Emilia. Iago succeeds in destroying Othellos life as well as his own. In summation, Iago consumes his life with hatred and vengeance. Revenge is one of the main themes in this play. It drives Iago to do many irrational things and destroys Iagos friendship with Othello, the love Desdemona and Othello shared, and the trust between Cassio and Othello. The need for revenge is part of human nature, but if it is blown out of proportion, it can have devastating effects.

Did FDR endanger the economic essays

Did FDR endanger the economic essays Did FDR endanger the economic prosperity and well being of the nation? Contrary to the charge, FDR did not endanger the economic prosperity and well being of the nation. In fact, FDRs actions as president have rescued the nations economy and have improved our economic future. The setting of a national minimum wage and giving workers the right to organize (through the NRA) will result in a happier, wealthier American working class that will have more disposable income to spend on consumer goods and services. Thus, those two reforms will actually stimulate the economy rather than endanger it. In much the same way, the creation of government-funded jobs will reduce unemployment, giving a good portion of the population some buying power that they not otherwise would have. Job competition with commercial businesses is not a problem, as the government pays significantly less than most businesses. The temporary closing of banks was an excellent way to ensure the safety of peoples deposits and to restore confidence in the banking system. So the temporar y closing of banks was actually good for the then-ailing economy. The relief, or welfare given to the unemployed by FERA in the first Hundred Days was a temporary measure called for by the desperate times. The handouts to the unemployed served only to help them survive, not to make them lazy and dependant. In regards to Social Security, because it only goes into effect after retirement at 65, it does not create a dependency that endangers national productivity. Rather, the recipients of Social Security are not in good enough shape to make much of a contribution in terms of productivity. ...

AFFIMATIVE ACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AFFIMATIVE ACTION - Essay Example ffirmative action describes policies aimed at a historically and socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minority men or women of all races) intended to promote access to education or employment. Motivation for affirmative action is a desire to redress the effects of past and current discrimination that is regarded as unfair and to encourage public institutions such as universities, hospitals and police forces to be more representative of the population. This is commonly achieved through targeted recruitment programs aimed at applicants from socio-politically disadvantaged groups. The overall framework of affirmative action in the United States was established by Executive Order 10925, issued in March 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, but has evolved significantly. The original order required government contractors to take "affirmative action" to ensure equal treatment of applicants and employees "without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." Reservation in Indian law is a form of affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the public sector units, union and state civil services, union and state government departments and in all public and private educational institutions, except in the religious/ linguistic minority educational institutions, for the socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and Tribes who were inadequately represented in these services and institutions. The reservation policy is extended for the SC and STs in representing the Parliament of India & state legislative assemblies. In its modern form, affirmative action can call for a recruiting officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority over the white, or for a manager to hire a qualified woman for a job instead of a man. Affirmative action decisions are generally not supposed to be based on quotas, nor are they supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And they

Hospitality Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hospitality Management - Assignment Example he routines of life, and there are those who travel to see and enjoy the world around them (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hospitality-management.htm). When people travel, the need for an industry such as hospitality enters. They need to stay in hotel and eat in restaurant. Perhaps travelers are not even aware of it, but they are patronizing hospitality industry. When they step out of the comfort of their own abode, and start to travel they should be rewarded by good hospitality of the places they have chosen to stay. Running travel agencies, hotels and restaurants is not an easy task. It is a very demanding career. People who are involved with this kind of business must possess high quality of hospitality, flexibility, and charm. It should be kept in mind all the time that these travelers are probably strangers in this place, and quality of service would mean a lot to them. Travelers often times come back to a place because they experience great accommodation in establishments they went to. Good service, being polite, good food and clean premises are all associated to a good travel experience. When tourists bid their goodbyes they will take with them the memory of your hospitality. Therefore, it is of an utmost importance that we have the best knowledge, and that we have got the best training in the area of what we are doing when we enter this field of industry. The history of hospitality industry can be traced back to the Colonial Period in the 17th century. There have been many considerable changes from years that passed till the present day. The industry has survived World Wars, the Depression Era, and many more. The commerce of hospitality that we know today has taken its form in 1950s and 1960s, and developed to be a very important industry (Dr. Miller). The word hospitality came from the French word â€Å"hospice† which means literally to provide for the weary and to take care of the travelers. Early industry of hospitality truly started in the days of

Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about love Essay Example for Free

Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about love Essay Compare the ways in which Larkin and Abse write about Love, in your response you should write about at least two of Larkin’s poems Larkin’s general view on love and marriage is that both are a liability. This is seen throughout many poems including ‘Self’s the man’ where Larkin talks about a man being held back and worked to death by his wife. Abse’s views are somewhat contrary to Larkin’s. He has a much softer approach when talking about love and feels that it connects himself with his family, as seen in his poems ‘Postcard to his wife’ and ‘The Malham Bird’ where he expresses his love for his wife. Love as a theme is present in many of Larkin’s poems and ‘Self’s the man’ illustrates his stereotypical outlook on marriage and love. In the first stanza Larkin directly compares himself to his made up character of Arnold, who represents all the lower class men in a marriage. The first two lines ‘Oh, no one can deny/ That Arnold is less selfish than I’ have a humorous tone in with the use of a rhyming couplet, Larkin is patronising the reader. In the next line he writes how Arnold married a woman to ‘stop her getting away’. In comparison, the poem ‘The Malham Bird’ Abse writes of love in a different way ‘in love, you a Gentile’. His soft tone creates a slower pace to the poem which shows his love for his late wife. On the other hand Larkin doesn’t use the word love and he uses a faster matter-of-fact tone. Larkin is often viewed as sexist but here he could be seen as saying that women don’t get a chance to live their lives how they want to because men marry them ‘Now she’s there all day’. In the second stanza Larkin continues to paint women in a poor light ‘And the money he gets for wasting his life on work/ She takes as her perk’. The first line uses enjambment which makes the poem sound like a list of moans. She appears to be greedy by taking his money. Larkin displays an air of snobbery about the lower classes hard labour jobs. He describes the woman as interfering and domineering. Larkin then uses colloquial language to make fun of the lower classes and how they speak ‘To pay for the kiddies’ clobber and the drier/ and the electric fire’. He does not rate family life very highly. Larkin states that the roles have reversed in the third stanza. Arnold told his wife to marry him and she did and now she is telling him to work, to do the chores etc ‘Planning to have a read at the evening paper/ It’s Put a screw in this wall-‘. The fourth stanza uses colloquial language again and the fifth and uses a sarcastic and patronising tone. Larkin does not look upon  marriage favourably. Moving into the sixth stanza, the poet claims that Arnold, too, was just â€Å"out for his own ends† and â€Å"if it was such a mistake / He still did it for his own sake / Playing his own game.† He concludes that â€Å"he and I are the same† and both are selfish, but he is better â€Å"At knowing what I can stand / Without them sending a van†. The â€Å"van† is a mental institute’s mode of transportation, suggesting that Arnold is going mad in his situation. Much of this poem is unsympathetic towards Arnold’s situation. However at the end Larkin reveals an uncertainty. Suddenly the poet is faced with the reality of his own situation ‘But wait, not do fast/ Is there such a contrast?’ Has he realised the loneliness in his own life because he was too selfish to share. Another poem which presents love as a theme is ‘Talking in Bed’. In this poem Larkin describes a couple in a failing relationship because they are isolated and find it difficult to communicate. Themarital bed is used as a symbol for marriage; a haven for spouses to come together. The bed should be the place where a couple feel united, but in this poem, the bed makes the couples detachment from one another glaringly obvious. The word lying has an ambiguous meaning in this poem; on one hand it means that the couple in assuming a horizontal position together, and on the other hand, it appears there is some fabrication between them. Goes back so far also presents some ambiguity: first, the couple have been lying together in their bed for years which is an indication of a lengthy marriage; and second, they have been living a lie for many years. The couple are clearly unhappy with their marriage. This was a time when separation and divorce was frowned upon but couples stayed together unhappily because it was the right thing to do. There was a sense of accountability within the marriage contract and it was difficult for women in particular to walk away from their husbands. The second stanza describes the turmoil of their marriage metaphorically by using nature. The awful silence is deafening and an indication of the tense, nervous atmosphere between the two, worsening as they continue to remain silent. The out side is a reflection of the couple inside; the tension heightens between them, and is never relieved. The wind is turbulent, scattering the clouds across the sky. Builds and disperses could be a metaphor for an argument; the environment is fraught and situations cannot be resolved. Clouds have both a dark and threatening aspect, and can be difficult to see through. Metaphorically speaking, a clear sky would represent a marriage at peace, but in this case the clouds suggest a marriage at war with itself; these wars could potentially harm the marriage, so the clouds hide them, if you cant see something then it doesnt exist. Dark towns can be used to describe a number of different things: faults, disagreements, difficulties, isolation and pain. The contrast of their marriage to the tumultuous winds are a stark reminder of what their future holds. They have to try and work things out to arrive at an amicable solution. It is not understood why their marriage has failed; why at this unique distance (lying side-by-side) that they feel so isolated from each other. The husband cannot understand why communication between him and his wife have broken down. Words are not forthcoming and he is at a loss as to how the marriage appears to be irretrievable. Was he ever really in love with his wife? Did he ever feel a softness towards her? ‘It becomes mor e difficult to find/ Words at once true and kind’. He wonders if their marriage was based on a lie or was it inevitably going to fail. Dannie Abse’s approach to love is different in comparison to Larkin; Abse sees love as something to be treasured between him and his family. Where Larkin views love with a touch of cynicism, Abse’s poems demonstrate a purity and an equality. In The Malham Bird it did not matter that the couple are from different backgrounds ‘you a Gentile and I a Jew!’ Their relationship may have been unacceptable for the times but their love was all that mattered. The poem is littered with fond memories of when the couple first met ‘Dear wife, remember our first illicit/holiday, the rented room, the hidden beach’. Theirs was a romantic love. Abse’s couple are happy in contrast to the couples portrayed by Larkin in the above poems. Their shared history is full of warmth and mutual admiration. Where Larkin’s poems view love as a hindrance and something a man can do without, Abse firmly believes you need love above all else. In Postcard to his Wife, Abse’s portrayal is of a husband (himself) desperately missing his wife in her absence. He longs for them to spend the day together. He wishes she would ‘Make excuses’ so that she would be home with him. He loves her and enjoys her pre sence the opposite of Larkin’s idea of relationships. Abse feels there is a void in his life when his wife is not around and cannot bear the heartache. The contrast between Larkin and Abse’s views on love and relationships are polar opposites.

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Misdirected Anger Depicted -- Toni Morris

Misdirected Anger Depicted in The Bluest Eye In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison shows that anger is healthy and that it is not something to be feared; those who are not able to get angry are the ones who suffer the most.   She criticizes Cholly, Polly, Claudia, Soaphead Church, the Mobile Girls, and Pecola because these blacks in her story wrongly place their anger on themselves, their own race, their family, or even God, instead of being angry at those they should have been angry at: whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pecola Breedlove suffered the most because she was the result of having others' anger dumped on her, and she herself was unable to get angry.   When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house.   Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her.   Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions she once thought were beautiful.   However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame.   Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her:   "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed.   And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205).   They felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards... ...(than shame).   There is a sense of being in anger.   A reality of presence.   An awareness of worth"(50).   the blacks are not strong, only aggressive; they are not compassionate, only polite; they were not good, but well behaved; they substituted good grammar for intellect, and rearranged lies to make them truth(205).   Most of all, they faked love where felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger.   Toni Morrison tells this story to show the sadness in the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their blackness instead of on whites who cause their misery.   Although they didn't know this, "The Thing to fear(and thus hate) was the Thing that made her beautiful, and not us"(74), whiteness.   Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Afterward by Toni Morrison. New York: Penguin, 1994.

Indian Literature Essay

Indian Literature, writings in the languages and literary traditions of the Indian subcontinent. The subcontinent consists of three countries: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The political division of the area into three nations took place in the 20th century; before that, the entire region was generally referred to as India. For centuries Indian society has been characterized by diversity—the people of modern India speak 18 major languages and many other minor languages and dialects; Urdu is the principal language of Pakistan, and Urdu and Bengali are used in Bangladesh. The people of the subcontinent also practice all the world’s major religions. Throughout its history, India has absorbed and transformed the cultures of the peoples who have moved through the region. As a result, the Indian literary tradition is one of the world’s oldest and richest. Religion has long exercised a strong influence on Indian writing. The major religions of the area have been Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Islam. Throughout the history of Indian literature, certain religious doctrines have formed common threads. One such doctrine is karma—the chain of good and bad actions and their inevitable consequences, which result in the repeated birth and death of the soul. The mythology of the dominant Hindu religion portrays the deities Vishnu, Shiva, the Goddess (Devi), and others. This mythology has influenced Indian texts, from ancient epics in the Sanskrit language to medieval poems in the various languages of different regions to modern works in English. The Vedas, which are Hindu sacred texts, are the earliest examples of Indian literature. The Vedas were composed between about 1500 bc and 1000 bc in Old Sanskrit, also called Vedic Sanskrit. This language belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan languages dominated northern India in ancient times, and Sanskrit became the major language of Indian religious and philosophical writing and classical literature. It also served as a common language with which scholars from different regions could communicate. No longer spoken widely, it is maintained as a literary language in modern India, meaning that people still use it for written works. The emergence of the popular religions Buddhism and Jainism in the 6th century bc gave rise to literature in Pali and in the several dialects of Sanskrit known as Prakrit (meaning â€Å"natural language†). Meanwhile, Tamil, a Dravidian language, emerged as the most important language in the south. A recorded literature in Tamil dates from the 1st century ad. Rich literary traditions have emerged in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam, which are modern languages that developed from Old Tamil and its dialects. Between the 10th and 18th centuries, the medieval dialects of the earlier languages evolved into the modern languages of India. Eighteen of these languages now have official status in India, as does English. As the different tongues evolved, a distinctive literature with particular styles and themes developed in each tongue. At the same time, Indian literature was influenced by the Persian language and its literature, which various Muslim conquerors brought to the Indian subcontinent. Muslims also introduced Islam to India, and Islamic philosophy and traditions affected Indian literature. After the British became active in India in the 1700s, English language and writing had a significant impact on Indian literature. Oral traditions have always been important in Indian literature. Many storytellers present traditional Indian texts by reciting them, often with improvisation. Others use song, dance, or drama to tell tales. In both its oral and written forms, Indian literature has produced great works that have influenced national and regional literary traditions in other parts of the world.

Resource Based View of Social Entrepreneurship Puting...

INTRODUCTION The emerging field of social entrepreneurship calls for a need for new integrated theories to contribute to the discipline and help grow the field. Social Entrepreneurship has been a topic of academic interest for the past few decades; however there has been little scholarly output in mainstream journals (Short, Moss, Lumpkin 2009). Social entrepreneurship is commonly defined as â€Å"entrepreneurial activity with an embedded social purpose† (Austin et al. 2006). Social entrepreneurs play a role of change agents in society by adopting missions to create and sustain social value. They recognize and pursue new opportunities to serve the particular mission at hand. Social entrepreneurs engage in a process of continuous innovation, adaption and learning. With these components, social entrepreneurs are able to act without being limited by current resources. They are accountable to the constituencies served and for the outcomes created as a result of their actions (Dees, 1998). Although social entrepreneurs usually start rather small their initiatives often have global relevance, issues such as unemployment, incarceration, disease, small business creation, access to clean water, renewable energy, waste management, etc. These issues and needs usually arise within a disenfranchised sector of society, and they are the drivers of social entrepreneurship. The desires or needs of the disadvantaged